Blockchain Smart Contracts
made possible by the digital revolution. I call these new contracts "smart", because they are far more
functional than their inanimate paper-based ancestors. No use of artificial intelligence is implied.
A smart contract is a set of promises, specified in digital form, including protocols within which the
parties perform on these promises.
Smart contracts are contracts whose terms are encoded in computer language instead of legal language.
Smart contracts can be executed by a computing network such as RSK, so that the terms of the contracts
are automatically enforced by a protocol that all nodes in the network follow.
A smart contract can be fully autonomous if all the objects referred (such as currency, payments,
obligations, property titles, assets, licenses) have a digital representation in the platform.
| Platform name | Engine | Contract language | Live? | Origin | Inc. in | Est. | Pub. rel. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aeternity | HLM, FTWVM, AEVM | Sophia, Varna, Solidity | no | FL | Liechtenstein | 2017 | |
| Bitcoin | Bitcoin script | Ivy-lang, Balzac | Yes | USA | USA | 2017.12 | 2017.12 |
| BitShares | ? | ? | Yes | ||||
| Byteball | Byteball | JSON | Yes | RU | 2016.12 | 2016.12 | |
| Cardano | IELE | Plutus (Haskell inspired) | no | HK | Switzerland | 2015 | |
| Counterparty | ? | ? | Yes | ||||
| Corda | ? | ||||||
| DFINITY | EVM? | Ethereum compatible (aka Solidity, Serpent, etc.) | No | ||||
| EOS | EVM / eWASM | C/C++ (compiles to WASM) | Yes | 2018.06 | |||
| Ethereum | EVM | Solidity | Yes | CA | Switzerland | 2014.04 | 2015.07 |
| Ethereum Classic | EVM | Solidity | Yes | ^^^ | no | ^^^ | ^^^ |
| Exonum | ? | Rust. Java bindings TBD | No | UA | Netherlands | 2017.07 | |
| hyperledger | Sandbox | ? | ? | ||||
| Lisk | N/A | Javascript | |||||
| Nem | Offchiain | ? | ? | ||||
| Neo | NeoVM | 1st batch: dotNet; 2nd: Java,Kotlin; 3rd: C,C++,GO,Py,JS (TBD) | Yes | China | China | 2014.06 | 2016.10 |
| Neblio | ? | REST-API, Python,JS, .NET(C# & VB.NET), Objective-C, Java, Node.js, GO, PHP | Yes | USA | USA | 2017.01 | 2017.07 |
| NXT | ? | ? | Yes | ||||
| OmniLayer | ? | ||||||
| Qtum | EVM | Solidity | Yes | Singapore | Singapore | 2016 | 2017.09 |
| quorum | ? | ? | ? | ||||
| Radix | ? | Scrypto (Based on JavaScript/TypeScript) | Yes | UK | UK | 2018 | |
| Rootstock | EVM | Solidity | no | Argentina | Argentina | 2015.11 | |
| Snax | EVM / eWASM | C/C++ (compiles to WASM) | no | 2018.12 | |||
| Tezos | ? | Michelson | no | ||||
| Ubiq | EVM | Solidity | Yes | CA | CA ? | 2017.01 | |
| Universa | ? | ||||||
| Urbit | ? | Hoon | Yes | ||||
| Waves | ? | NA | Yes | RU | ? | 2016 | 2016.11 |
Ethereum
Ethereum is a gold standard in smart contracts and has biggest capitalization among other platforms. Majority of token sales go on Ethereum platform, with recently standartized token format ERC-20.
Founded by son of russian expats in Canada Vitalik Buterin. Incorporated in Switzerland.
Docs:
Contract examples:
- https://github.com/fivedogit/solidity-baby-steps
- https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/zeppelin-solidity/tree/master/contracts
- https://github.com/ConsenSys/
Ethereum Classic
Classic appeared as a fork of main Ethereum chain (right after famous DAO hack) by a community that disagreed to alter the blockchain to get back stolen funds. ETC is still in search of its place in smart contracts world. Some engineering changes are still going under the hood (like, changing the emission and difficulty retarget algo), and developer tools are being developed. No major token crowdsales were made yet, but the community is looking forward to it.
Not incorporated.
Neo
NEO (formerly Antshares) is a Chinese answer to Ethereum. Neo is a major player in SmartContracts world and often compared to Ethereum.
First batch of supported languages is ready for production use. Second is partially ready, and third is planned.
Docs:
Contract examples:
Ubiq
Ubiq functions as a fork of Ethereum codebase, with several adjustmens, fully compatible with EVM and Solidity.
Governed by Ubiq Technology Inc.
Urbit
Contract examples:
Rootstock
Rootstock is a Bitcoin sidechain, adding Turing-complete language (enabling smart contracts) and ability to scale up to 20k transactions per second (eventually). Sidechain shall be secured by a merge-mining with regular Bitcoin pools.
Rootstock is very well received by community, and among all 2nd layer solutions for Bitcoin is considered to be one of the closest to completion.
Language used shall be Solidity, and RSK VM is fully compatible with Ethereum VM.
Docs:
Cardano
Cardano claims it is the first Blockchain to use a provably secure, proof of stake algorithm. Cardano is designed in separate layers, where the 1st layer (aka Settlement Layer; PoS blockchain) is already live (as of 2017.10), and internal currency (Ada) being added to exchanges.
Second (aka computational) layer will run smart contracts using a Haskell-inspired scripting language, called Plutus, and is scheduled to release in first quarter 2018.
Governed by The Cardano Foundation, IOHK and Emurgo.
Docs:
Contract examples:
Exonum
Exonum is an extensible open-source framework for creating blockchain applications. It is designed to
allow you, your company or your government to build a tailor-cut private or permissioned blockchain.
Thus, there's no public Exonum network or traded Exonum tokens.
Exonum is developed and supported by the Bitfury Group.
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